One classic set of numbers is Jeff Dean's "latency numbers every programmer should know", as quoted in a bunch of places including: https://highscalability.com/google-pro-tip-use-back-of-the-e...

(EDIT: apparently Dean got this table from Peter Norvig as another commenter mentioned.)

The disk numbers are a bit outdated now because of the overwhelming shift from spinning hard disks to SSDs, but most of the others have held up surprisingly well AFAIK. For instance, neither CPU L1 caches nor the speed of light have gotten dramatically faster in the last couple decades.